إنضم إلى صفحة فيسبوك
إشترك لتصلك دروس يومية على يوتوب
Level 7
Gerund (its pronunciation
is djerend) :
A gerund
is used : [Meena]
1) After certain prepositions
(بعد حروف الجر) :
- He is interested
in learning English . / - I'm accustomed to getting up
early.
- We're looking forward
to seeing you . / - She went on crying all the time
.
- They talked about
solving the problems.
2) After certain expressions
(بعد بعض اصطلاحات) (go on , carry on , keep on , be used to , got used to , no use , worth
, give up , would you mind) :
- He kept on interrupting
us. /
- I'm used to getting up early.
- I got used to
getting up early. (H.K.)
لاحظ ان am used to أكثر في التعود من got used to ، أي أن في بداية التعود نستخدم got ثم بعد التعود تماما نستخدم am أو يعني verb be .
- This car is nice , it's worth buying. / -
There is no use trying this again.
- I don't feel like
eating lunch. / - will you give up smoking.
- Would you mind
giving it to me. [Meena]
3) Gerund is also
used as a subject of a sentence (في البداية أو كمبتدأ)
:
- Learning English
is very important. / - Driving
quickly can be dangerous.
- Swimming and
walking are good exercises.
4) And as an object
of a sentence when it (the gerund) comes after the following verbs (بعد
أفعال) : (enjoy , like , dislike , love , hate ,
begin , stop , finish , avoid , appreciate , mind, consider , discuss , delay ,
go , hear , imagine , keep, give up ,
prevent).
- I'll go when I've finished
doing my work. / - They enjoy praying.
- I can't imagine
Magdy driving a truck. / - Stop talking.
- She likes walking. / - It
started raining last night.
- Would you mind
giving it to me. (H.K.)
|
H.W. ترجم إلي الانجليزية :
1)
هم مهتمين بدراسة الانجليزية ___________________________________
2)
هو يحب التمشية __________________________________________
3)
هذا البيت يستحق الشراء _____________________________________
|
--- الجزء القادم قد يكون صعب ، إذا أردت تأجيله يكون أفضل ولكنه
يتعلق بنفس الموضوع لذلك كتبناه هنا.
وهنا يفضل توضيح
الفرق بين استعمال ال gerund وبين استعمال ال infinitive وهو أصل أو مصدر الفعل (verb ) ، فيوجد بعض الأفعال التي يمكن أن نضع بعدها gerund أو (infinitive to + ) بدون تغيير معنى الجملة ، ويوجد
بعض أفعال أخرى يتغير المعنى إذا وضعنا بعدها gerund عن إذا وضعنا بعدها ((to + infinitive .
1) مايلي
هي أفعال ممكن نضع بعدها أي من الاثنين بدون تغيير في المعنى :
Like ,
hate , start , begin , prefer
-
She likes walking = She likes
to walk
-
It started raining last
night =
It started to rain last night.
2) ومايلي هي أفعال يتغير بعدها المعنى إذا وضعنا
بعدها gerund
عن إذا وضعنا بعدها (to + infinitive) .
Stop ,
try
-
He stopped playing . He stopped
to play .
-
Try swimming . Try
to swim . [Meena]
حيث الجملة الأولى (باضافة ing ) يكون المقصود
بها : نوع من التجربة أو الاختبار أو التغيير :
مثل :
I have had a headache
for 2 hours now, I tried taking an aspirin but it didn't help.
والثانية (to +
infinitive) يكون
المقصود بها : لمرة واحدة أو في أي وقت أو
بصفة عامة، مثل :
Try to be quiet when
you come home late , everyone will be asleep. (H.K.)
--- وكما عملنا اسماء في ال gerund باضافة ing في الآخر ، هكذا أيضا يمكن
عمل اسماء بالاضافات التالية في نهاية الكلمات :
To form nouns : we add suffixes (see page 11) , some of which are :
-ness (kindness) , -ship (friendship) , -hood
(childhood) , -ry
(bakery) , -ism (socialism) , -ist
(scientist) , -ion (invention) , -ation (information) ,
-ance (ignorance) , -ency
(presidency) , -r (maker)
, -er / -ar / -or (actor) .
H.W. Write the noun
form of each of the following words :
|
Verb
|
Noun
|
Verb
|
Noun
|
|
Make
|
|
Inform
|
|
|
Build
|
|
Do
|
|
Translate into Arabic:
I don't feel like doing it _______________________________________
They hate playing football
______________________________________
Jv[l
ترجم إلي الانجليزية
أنا متعود أستيقظ
مبكرا ____________________________________________
هذه الشقة تستحق
الشراء ___________________________________________
The Arabic Alphabet الحروف الأبجدية العربية
وهي ضرورية في حالة الترجمة من عربي
لانجليزي ، أي عند استخدام قاموس عربي- انجليزي
أ
ب ت ث
ج ح خ
د ذ ر ز
س ش
ص ض ط
ظ ع غ ف ق
ك ل م
ن ه و ي
وعندما نحتاج معرفة معنى كلمة عربي
بالانجليزي ، نرجع الكلمة لأصلها ثم نبحث عنها في القاموس ،
مثال : كلمة "يشتغل" نجدها هي وكل مشتقاتها في "شغل" ، وكذلك مثلا كلمة "يلعبون" نجدها هي وكل مشتقاتها في "لعب" . وبالتالي تكون ترجمة يشتغل هي "He works" ، وترجمة يلعبون هي "They
play" .
|
H.W. ترجم إلي الانجليزية : (H.K.)
1) الطلبة يصغون (يستمعون) للمدرس
_______________________________________
2) المشي
مفيد للجسم __________________________________________________
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Things to Know [Meena] : Subjects : A subject tells
who or what is doing the main verb . It can be a regular noun, pronoun or a
gerund.
Appositives : An appositive is simply a
noun phrase that defines the subject. It must be identical to the subject and
provide additional information. A comma must immediately precede and follow the
appositive.
Ex.: Aids, a highly infectious disease, causes
death.
Modifiers : They describe or give more
information about the subject, verb, or other modifiers.
Ex.: Canada United States
N.B. Adjectives are modifiers for nouns, and adverbs
are modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
Subordinations (modifying clauses) : They combine two
or more sentences into one sentence. The
subordinate clause usually contains a relative pronoun. Relative pronouns are :
Who / which / that / when / whose / where
Ex.: He plays with a ball. The ball is blue / He plays
with a ball that is blue.
Conjunctions : They express a relationship
between ideas.
There are two basic types of conjunctions :
1) those that show agreement between ideas, like :
because / also / in addition to / such
as / as well as / as
2) Those that show disagreement between ideas, like :
Although / but / however / despite / in spite of / whereas
Conjuncion Patterns : like : either … or / neither
… nor / both … and / such … as / not only … but also
كلمات الوصل Joining
words
And
/ so / as well / both .. and / as well as / either .. or / neither.. nor / but
/ not only .. but also (but.. also) / when / as soon as / because / as / since
/ to / in order to / so as to / so that (so.. that) / in order that / such a
(an).. that
Ex :
We may go either to Cairo Alexandria
Neither Ahmed nor
George did the homework.
Mary
is studying hard so that she may get high grades.
It was
such an interesting book that I read it several
times.
Other expressions followed by a gerund : Responsible for doing something / punish
someone for doing something / capable of
doing .. / believe in … / known for … / accuse someone of … / committed to … /
succeed in … / excited about … / participate in … / take part in … / admit to …
/ confess to … / blame someone for … / keep someone from … / prohibit someone
from … / forgive someone for something .
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H.W.: In your h.w. copy book : 1) Put each of the following words in a
sentence : capable / either /
although / because / when / who / but also .
2)
Write a sentence with a gerund as a subject.
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Adverbs الظروف
نقول
باختصار عن الظروف أنها هي التي تدل علي كيفية حدوث الفعل أو مكانه أو زمانه
(وقته) .
Adverbs
are related to verbs , they tell : 1) how , 2) where , and , 3) when , the verbs are done.
1) How
: like : fast , quickly
Ex: He
runs fast.هو بيجري بسرعة
/ He did it very quickly.هو عملها
بسرعة جدا
2) When : like : next ,
now , yesterday (H.K.)
Ex: Next
thing you should do is this./ She went there yesterday. Do it now.
3) Where
: like : nowhere , anywhere , here , there , out
Ex: I
couldn't find it anywhere. / Come
here. [Meena]
--- ومعظم الظروف في الانجليزي تنتهي ب ly مثل : He ran slowly
ولكن
يوجد صفات تنتهي أيضا ب ly مثل
: A friendly person
Adjectives الصفات أو النعوت
أهمها
والمعروفة دائما هي descriptive أي الصفات أو النعوت التي تصف أسماء وهي
لا تتأثر بعدد أو نوع الموصوف مثل red, young . (H.K.)
--- لاحظ أن الصفات (adjectives) تصف اسماء، أما الظروف (adverbs) ،_كما قلنا تصف أفعال ، مثال :
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H.W. Write 6 adverbs
that say how a verb is done
_________________
__________________________________________________________
Write 6 descriptive adjectives
__________________________________
__________________________________________________________
أكمل الجملة الآتية : ال adverbs يصفوا
_______ ، أما ال adjectives
يصفوا _______
|
Conversations
:
Making
suggestions : Shall we go swimming ? (let us go swimming) (why don't we eat dinner
there ?) (How about doing this ?) / Yes,
sure (that is a good idea) (it sounds great) (ok.) . (H.K.)
---
There is a football game at the stadium tomorrow , do you want to go ? (would
you like to go ?) (how about going ?) /
yes, sure (I'd like to) (may be) (I don't know)
, what time is it? / at 7:30 / ok. see you there .
Asking
for permission :
|
Asking for permission
|
Giving the permission
|
Refusing the
permission
|
|
May
I [Meena]
(can
I)
(could
I)
drink
some water
|
Yes
, sure (certainly)
(of
course)
(here
you are) (help yourself)
|
I'm
sorry
(sorry
I need it myself)
|
|
Do
you mind if I borrow your book?
|
No,
of course I don't mind.
(no
problem)
|
Yes,
I 'm using it right now.
(Yes
, I need it)
|
Giving
thanks : Thank you (thanks) (thanks a lot) (I appreciate your help) / you're welcome (you are very welcome any
time) (my pleasure)
To
agree or disagree : Do you agree with me ? (what do you think ?) (Is
that right ?) / I agree with you (I agree with all what
you've just said except ..) (yes, that's right) (exactly) (you are absolutely
right) or Sorry I don't agree (I disagree with you) (I don't think so) (
that is not right because .. ..) [Meena]
To
ask for help : Could you help me ? (may you
do me a favor ?) / yes, sure (of course)
---
Would you mind doing this for me ?
/ no, I don't mind (yes , I'm
sorry I can't) (H.K.)
|
H.W. Practice all
these conversations with any of your friends
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