دروس تعلم اللغة الانكليزية من الصفر (المستوى التاسع 9)

Level 9

Tenses الأزمنة

بالنسبة للأزمنة سنكتبهم كلهم مع بعض ثم نشرحهم كلهم مع بعض ، وذلك للسهولة ولمقارنة كله ببعض وبالتالي اتقانهم أكثر . وللسهولة أكثر سنأخذ من ال pronouns معهم كلهم في هذا الجدول التالي "I" فقط ، ثم نستخدم بقية ال pronouns مع بعض التطبيقات .

وبرجاء الاهتمام بفهم وحفظ هذا الباب (الفصل) تماما ، لانه هام جدا في المحادثات (conversations) ولانه مبني عليه كل الأبواب التي تليه في هذا الكتاب.

ولاننسى (بل دايما نذكر) أننا دائما سنختصر بعض الكلمات كالآتي :

Present = pr. / past = pa. / future = fu. / past participle = p.p. / simple = s. / continuous = cont. / perfect = perf. / verb = v. (H.K.)

ملحوظة : ستجد جداول فيها ال past participle (p.p.) ابتداء من صفحة 52

Tenses [Meena]
Simple (H.K.) بسيط	Pr.	I eat ( everyday , sometimes , always , usually , often)
	Pa.	I ate (yesterday , last night , in the past , ago)
	Fu.	I shall eat (tomorrow , next week , later) (H.K.)
Continuous مستمر V. be + --ing	Pr.	I am eating (now , nowadays, today)
	Pa.	I was eating (while , as , when)
	Fu.	I shall be eating (tomorrow , at that time)
Perfect تام V. have + p.p.	Pr.	I have eaten (already , just , almost , nearly , since , yet , not yet , ever , never , now , today)
	Pa.	I had eaten (before , after , when , until)
	Fu.	I shall have eaten (by) (H.K.)
Perfect continuous V.have + been+--ing	Pr.	I have been eating (for , since)
	Pa.	I had been eating (for , since , before)
	Fu.	I shall have been eating (for , on , after)

من الضروري جدا حفظ هذا الجدول لانه سيفيد كثيرا جدا .

ونلاحظ اننا عندنا 12 زمن (12 tenses) ، s. , cont. , perf. , perf. cont. وكل واحد من هؤلاء الأربعة فيه pr. , pa. , fu. . وبجوار كل واحد بعض كلمات بين قوسين تسمى الkey words وهي الكلمات التي تساعد في تكوين هذا الزمن .

-- ال s. هو بسيط ، ليس فيه اي تعقيدات ولا أي شروط لتركيبه ولذلك سمى بسيط .

-- ال cont. وهو المستمر ، أي أنه فعل مستمر ألآن في الpr. ، أو كان مستمر في الpa. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، أو سيكون مستمر في الfu. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، ويكون تركيبه ب verb be ثم ing في نهاية ال verb (مثل am eating).

-- ال perf. وهو التام ، وهو فعل ، بيتم (بينتهي) أو علي وشك الانتهاء الآن ، أو تم (انتهى) أو كان علي وشك الانتهاء في الماضي بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين ، أو سيتم (سينتهي) أو سيكون علي وشك الانتهاء في المستقبل بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين. ويكون تركيبه بverb have ثم الp.p. (مثل have eaten ) .

-- ال perf. Cont. وهو التام المستمر ، وفيه نعرف طول مدة استمرار الفعل وبداية أو نهاية هذه المدة . في الpr. ما هي مدة استمراره إلي الان أو متى بدأ ، وفي الpa. و ال fu. مدة استمراره من أو إلي حدوث فعل آخر أو وقت معين . ويكون تركيبه بverb have + been ثم ing في نهاية الفعل (مثل have been eating ) .

H.W. Complete the table using "drink" and one key word in each sentence

Tenses
Simple بسيط	Pr.	They always drink water (H.K.)
	Pa.	It
	Fu.	We
Continuous مستمر V. be + --ing	Pr.	She
	Pa.	He
	Fu.	You
Perfect تام V. have + p.p.	Pr.	You
	Pa.	They
	Fu.	It
Perfect continuous V.have+been+ --ing	Pr.	We
	Pa.	He
	Fu.	You

--- والآن سنأخذ أمثلة عن كل زمن (tense) في جداول أخرى مع بقية ال pronouns أو علي هيئة أسئلة وأجوبة لتوضيح كل التفاصيل بقدر الامكان: بالنسبة لل simple تم شرحه .

--- وبالنسبة لل continuous :

Continuous
Present	Past	Future
I am eating	I was eating	I shall be eating
You are eating	You were eating	You will be eating
He is eating	He was eating (H.K.)	He will be eating
She is eating	She was eating	She will be eating
It is eating	It was eating	It will be eating
We are eating	We were eating	We shall be eating
You are eating	You were eating	You will be eating
They are eating	They were eating	They will be eating

ونقول مثلا :

I'm praying now.أنا أصلي الآن

They were playing yesterday when I met them. هم كانوا يصلون بالأمس حينما قابلتهم

She will be walking tomorrow when you come. هي ستكون بتتمشى حينما تأتي غدا

ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :

Are you praying now? / Yes, I'm praying now / No, I'm not --

Were they playing yesterday when you met them? / Yes, they were playing yesterday when I met them / No, they were not playing --.

Will she be walking tomorrow when I come? / Yes, she will be walking tomorrow when you come / No, she'll not be walking --.

ولفهم المستمر أكثر ، نكرر ماقلناه في الصفحة السابقة (47) وهو أن ال cont. هو المستمر ، أي أنه فعل مستمر الآن ( في الpr. ) ، أو كان مستمر في الpa. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، أو سيكون مستمر في الfu. ، أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين، ويكون تركيبه ب verb be ثم ing في نهاية ال verb (مثل am eating ) .

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "play"

أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يلعب"

Continuous
Present	Past	Future
I am playing (H.K.)
You
	He was
She
		It will be playing [Meena]
	We
You
		They

--- N.B. : The present continuous is also used for the near future (like going to), specially with verbs of movement like "go, come, leave"

Ex: Ahmed is coming here next week. / They are leaving for U.S.A. on Friday.

--- ويجب ملاحظة أنه توجد بعض الأفعال(verbs) التي لا تأتي في الcontinuous أي لانضيف لها ing ومنها : [Meena]

Like , love , believe , hate , see , hear , understand , consist , contain , possess , belong , resemble , recognize , want .

--- ولابد أن نذكر ما قلناه من قبل وهو انه عند اضافة ing لفعل ينتهي ب e نحذف ال e مثل write - writing ، وعند اضافة ing لفعل ينتهي بحرف ساكن قبله vowel ، نضاعف الحرف الساكن ، مثل get - getting .

--- في الpast continuous ، ممكن يكون الفعلين في الcontinuous tense

Ex: While he was reading , the children were playing . (H.K.)

--- وبالنسبة للperfect :

Perfect
Present	Past [Meena]	Future
I have eaten	I had eaten	I shall have eaten
You have eaten	You had eaten	You will have eaten
He has eaten	He had eaten	He will have eaten
She's eaten (H.K.)	She had eaten	She will have eaten
It's eaten	It had eaten	It will have eaten
We've eaten	We had eaten	We shall have eaten
You've eaten	You had eaten	You will have eaten
they've eaten	They had eaten	They will have eaten

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "walk"

أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يمشي"

Perfect
Present	Past	Future
I have walked (H.K.)

ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :

Have you prayed yet? / Yes I've already prayed. / No, I haven't prayed yet.

Had she written the report before he came? / Yes, she had written it before he came. / No, she hadn't written it before he came. (H.K.)

Shall we have done the homework by 6:00 o'clock? / Yes, we shall have done it by 6:00 o'clock. / No, we shall not have done it by 6:00 o'clock.

ونكرر هنا أيضا ماقلناه في صفحة 47 وهو أن ال perf. هو التام ، وهو فعل ، بيتم (بينتهي) أو علي وشك الانتهاء الآن ، أو تم (انتهى) أو كان علي وشك الانتهاء في الماضي بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين ، أو سيتم (سينتهي) أو سيكون علي وشك الانتهاء في المستقبل بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين. ويكون تركيبه بverb have ثم الp.p. (مثل have eaten ) [Meena] .

--- بالنسبة لل perfect continuous :

Perfect continuous
Present	Past	Future
I've been eating	I had been eating	I shall have been eating
You've been eating	You had been eating	You will have been eating
He's been eating	He had been eating	He will have been eating
She's been eating	She had been eating	She will have been eating
It's been eating	It had been eating (H.K.)	It will have been eating
We've been eating	We had been eating	We shall have been eating
You've been eating	You had been eating	You will have been eating
They've been eating	They had been eating	They will have been eating

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "talk"

أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يتكلم"

Perfect continuous
Present	Past	Future
I've been talking (H.K.)

ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :

Have you been playing here since 5:00 o'clock? / Yes. I have been playing here since 5:00 o'clock. / No, I haven't been playing here since 5:00 , I've been playing just for half an hour. (H.K.)

Had they been praying for 3 hours before we went there? / Yes, they had been praying for 3 hours before we went there / No, they had not been ----.

Will you have been studying here for 5 hours by 10:00 o'clock? / yes, we shall have been studying here for 5 hours by 10:00 o'clock / No, we shall not have been studying ----. [Meena]

ونكرر أيضا ما قلناه عن ال perfect cont. في صفحة 47 وهو أن ال perf. Cont. هو التام المستمر ، وفيه نعرف طول مدة استمرار الفعل وبداية أو نهاية هذه المدة . في ال pr.نعرف ما هي مدة استمراره إلي الان أو متى بدأ ، وفي الpa. و ال fu. نعرف مدة استمراره من أو إلي حدوث فعل آخر أو وقت معين . ويكون تركيبه بverb have + been ثم ing في نهاية الفعل (مثل have been eating ) .

H.W. Answer the questions with Yes and No: [Meena]

Is he drinking water now? Yes, _________________ No, __________________

Has she already eaten? Yes, __________________ No,____________________

Have they been praying for an hour now? Yes, ___________________________

(H.K.) No, _______________________________________________________

Were you talking when I called her? Yes, _______________________________